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還原初始:林瑞華的高溫陶藝
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light"">還原初始:林瑞華的高溫陶藝 </span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light""></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><strong><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light""><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light"">撰文: </span></span></span></span>香港科技大學人文學部 副教授</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light""> - 傅立萃</span></span></span></span></strong><br />
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light""></span></span></b></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Apple LiSung Light""></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">「往古之時…天不兼覆,地不周載…於是女媧煉五色石以補蒼天。」</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">三千多年前偶然出現在原始青瓷表面的玻璃光澤,是窯中的落灰與火、土在高溫熔融過程中一場美麗的邂逅,這一抹想必令當時陶工驚豔的草色天然釉,從此開啓了中國陶瓷對釉藥的探索和追求,歷代陶工努力實驗、穩定並改良各種釉藥配方,以複製、駕馭、並完善釉彩在燒造過程中可能出現的各種色澤、層次、質感的變化。在二十世紀以前,傳統陶瓷器表上以釉藥裝飾的豐富表現乃至與繪畫結合,似乎已窮盡了各種探索的可能。現代陶藝興起以後, 當陶藝家不再滿足於仿古或延襲傳統,除了走入藝術與器用分離的純造形表現,或者使用電腦控溫的現代窯爐更精確地燒製獨特的化學釉藥配方,陶藝的創新與現代化還有其他什麼選擇?</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">作為「竹南蛇窯」第二代的窯主,累積了十多年以柴燒蛇窯(也叫做龍窯)的經驗,林瑞華的選擇是回到陶瓷孕育的母體-傳統窯爐中,重新思考火與土的相遇所孕含的創造潛能。以柴燒陶, 鑽研古法燒製中自然落灰熔融形成的質樸自然釉色,是近年來由日本興起的一股國際風潮,林瑞華本人也曾遠赴日本滋賀縣的信樂小鎮進行短期研修。然而他對自然釉的探究,並不僅止於落灰與火痕的互動,經過在蛇窯窯洞中長年的面壁沈思, 對於窯壁土磚在高溫柴燒後出現的濃郁多變的自然釉質,也就是所謂「窯汗」的仔細觀察,林瑞華對釉的形成產生了前所未有的新體悟,這一新發現也引導他對高溫柴燒之美的探索邁進了一個全新的領域 。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="tab-stops:49.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"> </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">釉質的美感,林瑞華發現,不止可以透過釉藥或落灰在器表的熔融來達成,高溫柴燒也可以激發土胎的質變,將胎骨中的礦質成分燒熔出來,形成一種自然釉化的效果。林瑞華將這種自然釉稱為「釉母」,它是坯體由內而外的質變所形成,是陶土在熊熊烈焰中被還原為初始的礦石狀態。隨著土礦成分的不同,柴燒溫度的高低、時間的長短,「釉母」可以如玉似金,或冰裂或流動,時素樸時斑斕, 變化的可能似乎沒有止盡。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="tab-stops:49.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="tab-stops:49.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">億萬年前,地球滾熱的岩漿冷卻後形成花崗、玄武等火成岩,地表風吹日曬的侵蝕風化慢慢將之化為塵土,經過千萬年的堆積成爲砂頁岩或石灰岩,再經由地殼變動的擠壓或加熱,又轉化成板岩或大理石的變質岩。換句話說,在大自然滄海桑田的循環與變遷中,火成岩已風化為塵土沈積的礦物石英或雲母,在適當的條件下又可再度還原成石英礦石。林瑞華的高溫柴燒,即嘗試以不斷突破的高溫,讓土礦中風化的礦質成分,還原到自然原始火成岩或變質岩的礦石狀態。 </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="tab-stops:49.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">原礦土在林瑞華的高溫柴火下所燒出的「釉母」,是地質化學的礦物重組,也是「土胎本色與落灰」浴火重生的藝術結晶。它的美感細膩豐富、千變萬化,不但傳統陶瓷所追求的各種釉色變化幾乎都可以在林瑞華的作品中找到,許多別開生面的結晶效果,更是令人嘆為觀止。我們透過放大鏡仔細觀察1447度燒出來的〈古玉裂紋大茶碗〉、1400度的〈星眼〉、或者1390度燒成的〈熔岩茶碗〉,陶土裡面的石英或雲母材質聚集在杯底或碗口,礦石呼之欲出,一如顯微鏡下花崗岩晶瑩剔透的石英礦石。1447度原礦土燒出的〈金絲茶碗〉或1380度原礦紅土燒出的〈玄〉,茶碗表面材質的礦石聚集游走,有如宣紙上潑墨或渲染的山水質地,又似地底岩漿炙熱地澎湃流動。(參見「高溫柴燒之美 壺與碗」—林瑞華陶藝專輯)</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">林瑞華所探索的高溫陶藝的創作方向,不但將現代陶藝帶到亙接遠古自然的美感新世界,也重新界定了陶藝創作者的工作場域。強調藝術家一手包辦陶瓷製作過程的「工作室陶瓷」,固然是二十世紀中葉以來現代陶藝所秉持的理念,林瑞華高溫柴燒的準備工作,卻大大拓寬了工作室的概念, 他不但親手練製原礦陶土,到海邊拾取漂流木以供柴燒,由於挑戰高溫極限的要求,更特別重視親自設計和建造柴窯 ,在父親所傳承的以土角磚砌蓋蛇窯的傳統技藝基礎上,進一步發展砌築出可以燒至一千五百度高溫的小型創作窯。在林瑞華的創作中,建窯與陶藝是相生共存、不可分割的整體。窯穴不但是孕育陶瓷浴火重生的母體,窯壁經過反覆煅燒與柴灰共熔形成的「窯汗」更是他創作靈感的來源。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">彎腰步入林瑞華苗栗的蛇窯空間,我們宛如走入所羅門王的寶藏洞穴, 霎那間分不清這裡是陶藝家在窯裡燒陶器,還是建築家在燒窯壁上的拱券陶磚面? 我們看到的不只是燒窯的空間狀態,更是色澤華麗而溫潤晶瑩的滴釉窯汗,在拱券內壁的表面游動凝結。靜坐在窯洞裡,我們可以想像在一千五百度的高溫下,陶藝家林瑞華的土礦陶坯,和建築家林瑞華的窯磚陶土,同時在奔騰的火苗間尋找它們的同類物質,凝聚還原礦物的本質,一如面臨岩漿加熱時的岩石,在潛伏了千萬年後被大火喚醒而再度流動,然後再一次緩慢的逐漸冷卻,一步步的凝固結晶。</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p>三稜罐 2001 33x37x34 cm</p>
<p>紅土、印尼原礦土 1410℃ 三度燒</p>
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<p>坏體內部在高溫柴燒下形成的晶洞</p>
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<p>三稜罐細部有各種釉色、質感的變化,非單一釉色可比擬</p>
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<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">林瑞華的高溫柴燒,化土為石,印證了現代物理學質能互換的物質不滅定律,也是古人水土經由木火的焚燒煉成金土的物理實踐。事實上,中國人對自然界基本物質「金木水火土」的界定,以及陰陽五行轉化循環的理論,又何嘗不可能是古人在建窯燒陶的浴火焠鍊中得到的智慧?</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:"宋体 (Theme Body Asian)",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">從林瑞華的創作中我們也感受到,女媧補天或許</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">不僅是一則充滿瑰麗想像的遠古創世神話, 也是關於火焰與礦石絢爛相遇而冶煉出創造生機的最早記載。林瑞華蛇窯穹拱頂上一次次晶瑩剔透的燒熔與修補,不但紀錄了土水還原金石的大自然輪迴,也</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"微軟正黑體",sans-serif">讓我們重新看到了一種藝術發源的初始本真。</span></span></span></span></p>
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